Showing posts with label Psychology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Psychology. Show all posts
Thursday, April 23, 2009
Exam Questions
Here are some Psychology of Education exam questions. I love exam questions, because they are a great revision tool, as well as great practice. You can download them here , and there's about 4 pages of Section A and Section B questions for you to choose from.
Sunday, March 01, 2009
Exam Questions
Here are some Psychology and Crime past exam questions for you to get stuck into. I personally find these really useful, expecially if you work with your teacher by getting them to mark your answers. They make a really good revision tool, rather than learning 20 pages of notes. You can download a pack of exam questions here.
Section A
1.a) Outline one technique used to produce an offender profile [6 marks]
1.b) Evaluate the effectiveness of techniques used to produce and offender profile [10 marks]
2.a) Describe one study of the social psychology of the criminal [6 marks]
2.b) Evaluate methods used to investigate the social psychology of the criminal [10 marks]
3.a) Describe one laboratory study of eyewitness testimony [6 marks]
3.b) Compare and contrast the laboratory method tro study eyewitness testimony with one alternative method [10 marks]
4.a) Describe one study which demonstrates the development of moral and legal judgement in children [6 marks]
4.b) Discuss the use of children in psychological studies of crime [10 marks]
Section B
1.a) Describe what psychologists have found out about crime-victim interaction [10 marks[
1.b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about crime-victim interaction [16 marks]
1.c) The police are trying to design a leaflet to encourage people to report crime. Using your knowledge of crime-victim interaction to suggest what factors they should consider. Give reasons for your answer [8 marks]
2.a) Describe what psychologists have found out about the psychology of testimony [10 marks]
2.b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about the psychology of testimony [16 marks]
2.c) Using your psychological knowledge, suggest ways of helping a witness recall the scenen of an armed robbery [8 marks]
3.a) Describe the jury decision-making process [ 10 marks]
3.b) Discuss the jury decision-making process [16 marks]
3.c) If you were a member of a jury, suggest what rules you mae make for yourself to prevent you from making the wrong decision. Give reasons for your answers [8 marks]
4.a) Consider psychological studies of offender profiling [10 marks]
4.b) Evaluate psychological studies of offender profiling [16 marks]
4.c) Suggest what aims of profiling should be. Give reasons for your answer [8 marks]
Section A
1.a) Outline one technique used to produce an offender profile [6 marks]
1.b) Evaluate the effectiveness of techniques used to produce and offender profile [10 marks]
2.a) Describe one study of the social psychology of the criminal [6 marks]
2.b) Evaluate methods used to investigate the social psychology of the criminal [10 marks]
3.a) Describe one laboratory study of eyewitness testimony [6 marks]
3.b) Compare and contrast the laboratory method tro study eyewitness testimony with one alternative method [10 marks]
4.a) Describe one study which demonstrates the development of moral and legal judgement in children [6 marks]
4.b) Discuss the use of children in psychological studies of crime [10 marks]
Section B
1.a) Describe what psychologists have found out about crime-victim interaction [10 marks[
1.b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about crime-victim interaction [16 marks]
1.c) The police are trying to design a leaflet to encourage people to report crime. Using your knowledge of crime-victim interaction to suggest what factors they should consider. Give reasons for your answer [8 marks]
2.a) Describe what psychologists have found out about the psychology of testimony [10 marks]
2.b) Evaluate what psychologists have found out about the psychology of testimony [16 marks]
2.c) Using your psychological knowledge, suggest ways of helping a witness recall the scenen of an armed robbery [8 marks]
3.a) Describe the jury decision-making process [ 10 marks]
3.b) Discuss the jury decision-making process [16 marks]
3.c) If you were a member of a jury, suggest what rules you mae make for yourself to prevent you from making the wrong decision. Give reasons for your answers [8 marks]
4.a) Consider psychological studies of offender profiling [10 marks]
4.b) Evaluate psychological studies of offender profiling [16 marks]
4.c) Suggest what aims of profiling should be. Give reasons for your answer [8 marks]
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Glossary - Part S, T, V, W and Z
The final part of our Psychology and Crime glossary, this includes letters S - Z. Remember, you can download the entire file from here.
S
Schema -
A cognitive structure into which knowledge is organised in order to make sense of objects, people and situations in the world.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy -
A prediction that comes true because it has been made. Related to labelling theory.
Self-serving Attribution Bias -
The tendency to attribute our successed to dispositional factors and our failures to situational ones.
Situational Attribution -
Attributing someone's behaviour to factors external to them.
Social Cognition -
The process by which we make sense of other people and their actions.
Social Learning Theory -
The view that behaviour is primarily leaned from observations of models.
Social Skills Training -
An attempt to reduce aggressive behaviour by equippig offenders with the skills to manage interactions more effectively.
Socio-economic Status (SES) -
A way of classifying people in terms of their occupational background and economic circumstances. Low SES generally implies manual or semi/unskilled occupation, lower income and fewer years in education, high SES the converse.
Somatotype -
Bodily build, classified as endomorph (at), ectomorph (thin), and mesomorph (muscular). According to some early theorists, such as Sheldon, different personality types are associated with the different somatotypes.
Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) -
In the US, a branch of the police force involved mainly in special operations, such as hostage-taking incidents.
Standard Interview Procedure -
The usual method by which police interviews are conducted.
Story Order -
An evidence strategy in which witnesses appear in the sequence in which events occurred. Considered more effective than witness order.
T
Television Technique -
A hypnotic techinque in which a witness is encouraged to imagine an event as it seen on television.
Testosterone -
A male sex hormone the main role of which is to promote sexual development and behaviour. However, it may also influence a range of other behaviours including aggression.
Token Economy -
An attempt to reduce offending behaviour by selectively reinforcing desirable behaviours within an institution.
V
VICAP -
The Violent Criminal Apprehension Programmed. An FBI database of violent offences used to generate offender profiles.
Victim Derogation -
The tendency to blame a victim for their own misfortune. Related to belief in a just world.
Victimisation Survey -
A technique for measuring the crime rate which, instead of relying on crime statistics as reported by the police, surveys a sample of the population about their experiences of crime. Victimisation surveys typically reveal a higher incidence of crime than police figures.
Violence Distraction -
The tendency for witnesses of violent events to provide poorer testimony than witnesses of non-violent events, either because of the detrimental effect of arousal on memory or possibly due to weapon focus.
W
Weapon Focus -
The tendency for witnesses of violent crimes to focus on the weapon used, generally resulting in poorer recall of other aspects of the event.
Witness Order -
An evidence strategy in which witnessess appear in the order deemed most likely to persuade a jury. Considered less effective than story order.
Z
Zero Tolerance -
An approach to the prevention of serious crime based on vigorous police response to minor infractions of the law.
S
Schema -
A cognitive structure into which knowledge is organised in order to make sense of objects, people and situations in the world.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy -
A prediction that comes true because it has been made. Related to labelling theory.
Self-serving Attribution Bias -
The tendency to attribute our successed to dispositional factors and our failures to situational ones.
Situational Attribution -
Attributing someone's behaviour to factors external to them.
Social Cognition -
The process by which we make sense of other people and their actions.
Social Learning Theory -
The view that behaviour is primarily leaned from observations of models.
Social Skills Training -
An attempt to reduce aggressive behaviour by equippig offenders with the skills to manage interactions more effectively.
Socio-economic Status (SES) -
A way of classifying people in terms of their occupational background and economic circumstances. Low SES generally implies manual or semi/unskilled occupation, lower income and fewer years in education, high SES the converse.
Somatotype -
Bodily build, classified as endomorph (at), ectomorph (thin), and mesomorph (muscular). According to some early theorists, such as Sheldon, different personality types are associated with the different somatotypes.
Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) -
In the US, a branch of the police force involved mainly in special operations, such as hostage-taking incidents.
Standard Interview Procedure -
The usual method by which police interviews are conducted.
Story Order -
An evidence strategy in which witnesses appear in the sequence in which events occurred. Considered more effective than witness order.
T
Television Technique -
A hypnotic techinque in which a witness is encouraged to imagine an event as it seen on television.
Testosterone -
A male sex hormone the main role of which is to promote sexual development and behaviour. However, it may also influence a range of other behaviours including aggression.
Token Economy -
An attempt to reduce offending behaviour by selectively reinforcing desirable behaviours within an institution.
V
VICAP -
The Violent Criminal Apprehension Programmed. An FBI database of violent offences used to generate offender profiles.
Victim Derogation -
The tendency to blame a victim for their own misfortune. Related to belief in a just world.
Victimisation Survey -
A technique for measuring the crime rate which, instead of relying on crime statistics as reported by the police, surveys a sample of the population about their experiences of crime. Victimisation surveys typically reveal a higher incidence of crime than police figures.
Violence Distraction -
The tendency for witnesses of violent events to provide poorer testimony than witnesses of non-violent events, either because of the detrimental effect of arousal on memory or possibly due to weapon focus.
W
Weapon Focus -
The tendency for witnesses of violent crimes to focus on the weapon used, generally resulting in poorer recall of other aspects of the event.
Witness Order -
An evidence strategy in which witnessess appear in the order deemed most likely to persuade a jury. Considered less effective than story order.
Z
Zero Tolerance -
An approach to the prevention of serious crime based on vigorous police response to minor infractions of the law.
Glossary - Part J, L, M, O, P, R
This is the third installment of the Psychology for Crime glossary and covers letters J - R. Remember, you can download the entire file from here.
J
Juror Bias Scale -
A technique for measuring the degree of prejudice and bias in potential jurors.
Just World Hypothesis -
The belief, held by some people, that the world is a fair and just place in which people deserve the things that happen to them.
L
Labelling Theory -
The view that the label that is applied to an individual by others (e.g. 'criminal') can influence their behaviour.
Locus of Control -
The extent to which a person feels they are in charge of their own destiny.
M
Marauder -
An offender who operates from a home base.
Maternal Deprivation Theory -
The view, associated with the work of John Bowlby, that deviant behaviour in adulthood is the result of separation from the attachment figure early in life.
Model -
In social learning theory (SLT), a person whose behaviour is observed in order to learn it.
Monozygotic Twins -
Identical twins, who share 100% of their genetic information.
O
Offender Profiling -
The use of crime scene evidence to make educated guesses about the likely characteristics of an offender.
P
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) -
An act of Parliament passed in 1984 that, amongst other things, limited the ways in which police interrogations can be carried out.
Prevalence of Crime -
The number of people in the population involved in committing crimes. Variations in the crime rate can be the result of variations in prevalence (e.g. more people committing crimes) or incidence (e.g. the same number of people committing more crimes).
Psycho-legal Studies -
A branch of forensic psychology concerned with lagal processses such as jury decision making.
Psychological Autopsy -
The use of crime scenes and psychological evidence to work out possible causes of death.
Psychometric Testing -
The measurement of psychological characteristics, usually through the use of questionnaires or inventories. Such tests may concern intelligence (IQ) or personailty and generally yieldnumerical measurements of the attribute being investigated.
Psychopath -
An individual who appears to lack anxiety and guilt and is typically prone to impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Such individuals are likely to became involed in crimes although it should be stressed that not all psychopaths become criminals.
R
Rational Choice Theory (RCT) -
An approach to understanding criminality that emphasises the role of rational processes in the decision to commit a crime.
Reconstructive Memory -
The view that memories, rather than being accurate accounts of events, are 'imaginative reconstructions' based on schematic knowledge.
J
Juror Bias Scale -
A technique for measuring the degree of prejudice and bias in potential jurors.
Just World Hypothesis -
The belief, held by some people, that the world is a fair and just place in which people deserve the things that happen to them.
L
Labelling Theory -
The view that the label that is applied to an individual by others (e.g. 'criminal') can influence their behaviour.
Locus of Control -
The extent to which a person feels they are in charge of their own destiny.
M
Marauder -
An offender who operates from a home base.
Maternal Deprivation Theory -
The view, associated with the work of John Bowlby, that deviant behaviour in adulthood is the result of separation from the attachment figure early in life.
Model -
In social learning theory (SLT), a person whose behaviour is observed in order to learn it.
Monozygotic Twins -
Identical twins, who share 100% of their genetic information.
O
Offender Profiling -
The use of crime scene evidence to make educated guesses about the likely characteristics of an offender.
P
Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) -
An act of Parliament passed in 1984 that, amongst other things, limited the ways in which police interrogations can be carried out.
Prevalence of Crime -
The number of people in the population involved in committing crimes. Variations in the crime rate can be the result of variations in prevalence (e.g. more people committing crimes) or incidence (e.g. the same number of people committing more crimes).
Psycho-legal Studies -
A branch of forensic psychology concerned with lagal processses such as jury decision making.
Psychological Autopsy -
The use of crime scenes and psychological evidence to work out possible causes of death.
Psychometric Testing -
The measurement of psychological characteristics, usually through the use of questionnaires or inventories. Such tests may concern intelligence (IQ) or personailty and generally yieldnumerical measurements of the attribute being investigated.
Psychopath -
An individual who appears to lack anxiety and guilt and is typically prone to impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Such individuals are likely to became involed in crimes although it should be stressed that not all psychopaths become criminals.
R
Rational Choice Theory (RCT) -
An approach to understanding criminality that emphasises the role of rational processes in the decision to commit a crime.
Reconstructive Memory -
The view that memories, rather than being accurate accounts of events, are 'imaginative reconstructions' based on schematic knowledge.
Glossary - Part D, E, F, G, H, and I
This is the second part of the Psychology and Crime gloassayr, and will contain the letters D - I. Remember you can download the entire glossary from here.
D
Dark Figure -
The proportion of crimes that are committed but which are not detected by official crime statistics.
Defensible Space -
Areas (for example, of a residential development) that appear to belong to someone, having clear boundaries against outsiders and characterised by high levels of natural surveillance.
Demand Characteristics -
The cues that are present in an experimental situation that particpants may use in order to work out the experimental aim. There is a danger that participants may alter their behaviour in response to demand characteristics, invalidating the experiment.
Deterministic -
Describes any theory which suggests that people do not have freedom of choice over their actions.
Deviance Amplification -
The tendency of media sources to 'over-report' certain types of crime (e.g. murder), potentially leading members of the public to have an exaggerated idea of the frequency of such crimes.
Dispositional Attribution -
Attributing someone's behaviour to factors internal to them (e.g. personality).
Dizygotic Twins -
Non-identical twins, sharing the same amount of genetic information as any two siblings.
DNA Profiling -
The use of DNA evidence from crime scenes to identify offenders, link different crimes and eliminate suspects from an enquiry.
DSM-III-R -
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders (third edition, revised). A widely used scheme for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders, now superseded by DSM-IV.
E
Ecological Validity -
The extent to which an experimental situation resembles the real-life situation to which researchers wish to generalise. Research that is low in ecological validity may not generalise well to real-life situations.
Evidential -
Relating to evidence as presented in court.
Expert Evidence -
Legal evidence from an acknowledged expert which is given particular weight because of their expertise.
Extra-evidential -
Relating to factors (e.g. the appearance of the defendant) other than the evidence presented in courts.
F
Forensic Hypnosis -
The use of hypnotic techniques in an attempt to improve witness reliabilty.
Forensic Psychology -
The application of psychological research to the legal system.
Fundamental Attribution Bias -
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviour and dispositional ones for others' behaviour.
H
Hedonic Relevance -
A phenomenon whereby our attributions change depending on the degree of relevance a situation has for us.
I
Incidence of Crime -
The number of crimes that are committed.
Inquisitorial System -
An alternative trial procedure to the adversarial system, in which the presiding judge(s) controls proceedings, examines eyewitnesses and directs the gathering of evidence.
Interrogation -
A police interview carried out for the express purpose of extracting a confession from a suspect.
Investigative Psychology -
The application of psychological principles to analyse crimes and apprehend offenders.
D
Dark Figure -
The proportion of crimes that are committed but which are not detected by official crime statistics.
Defensible Space -
Areas (for example, of a residential development) that appear to belong to someone, having clear boundaries against outsiders and characterised by high levels of natural surveillance.
Demand Characteristics -
The cues that are present in an experimental situation that particpants may use in order to work out the experimental aim. There is a danger that participants may alter their behaviour in response to demand characteristics, invalidating the experiment.
Deterministic -
Describes any theory which suggests that people do not have freedom of choice over their actions.
Deviance Amplification -
The tendency of media sources to 'over-report' certain types of crime (e.g. murder), potentially leading members of the public to have an exaggerated idea of the frequency of such crimes.
Dispositional Attribution -
Attributing someone's behaviour to factors internal to them (e.g. personality).
Dizygotic Twins -
Non-identical twins, sharing the same amount of genetic information as any two siblings.
DNA Profiling -
The use of DNA evidence from crime scenes to identify offenders, link different crimes and eliminate suspects from an enquiry.
DSM-III-R -
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders (third edition, revised). A widely used scheme for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders, now superseded by DSM-IV.
E
Ecological Validity -
The extent to which an experimental situation resembles the real-life situation to which researchers wish to generalise. Research that is low in ecological validity may not generalise well to real-life situations.
Evidential -
Relating to evidence as presented in court.
Expert Evidence -
Legal evidence from an acknowledged expert which is given particular weight because of their expertise.
Extra-evidential -
Relating to factors (e.g. the appearance of the defendant) other than the evidence presented in courts.
F
Forensic Hypnosis -
The use of hypnotic techniques in an attempt to improve witness reliabilty.
Forensic Psychology -
The application of psychological research to the legal system.
Fundamental Attribution Bias -
The tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviour and dispositional ones for others' behaviour.
H
Hedonic Relevance -
A phenomenon whereby our attributions change depending on the degree of relevance a situation has for us.
I
Incidence of Crime -
The number of crimes that are committed.
Inquisitorial System -
An alternative trial procedure to the adversarial system, in which the presiding judge(s) controls proceedings, examines eyewitnesses and directs the gathering of evidence.
Interrogation -
A police interview carried out for the express purpose of extracting a confession from a suspect.
Investigative Psychology -
The application of psychological principles to analyse crimes and apprehend offenders.
Sunday, January 11, 2009
Evaluation Issues
These are some of the evaluation issues you should know for Psychology.
A
Androcentric Bias -
Where the researchers study a male only sample, and then generalise it to females.
Applications to Everyday Life -
Do the results apply to everyday life? (links to Usefulness)
C
Control of Variables -
How controlled is the study? Are there any outside factors influencing the results?
D
Demand Characteristics -
Participents pick up on situational/experimental factors and change their behaviour/answers to fit what they think the experimenter wants to see/hear
Deception -
Decieving the participents/subjects
E
Ethics -
A set of rules designed to distinguish between right and wrong
Ethnocentrism -
Being unable to conceptualise or imagine ideas, social beliefs, or the world from any viewpoint other than that of one's own particular culture or social group.
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, religion, scout troop, or football team is superior to all others.
Ecological Validity -
A way of assessing how valid a measure or test is, which is concerned with whether the measure or test is really like its counterpart in the real, everyday world.
F
Field Experiment -
A study that follows the logic of the experimental process, but is conducted in the outside world rather than the laboratory.
G
Gynocentric Bias -
Researchers use an all female sample and then generalise it to males.
Generalisabilty -
Can research be applied to the general population?
H
Holistic -
Treating its subject matter as a coherent and indivisable unit.
I
Inter-observer Reliability -
A phrase which describes the extent to which 2 independant observers agree on the observations that they have made.
Individual Differences -
The study and measurement of the significant ways indviduals differ from each other
L
Lab Experiment -
An experiment carried out in an artifical, lab environment.
Longitudinal Study -
A study which monitors changes occuring over a period of time
N
Nomothetic -
Concerned with the formation of general laws, normally of behaviour.
Nature/Nurture -
Nature - The inheritance of abilities or chracteristics
Nurture - Learning or the effect of environmental factors
Nature of Participents -
Describes who was used, the response rates etc
Q
Qualitative Data -
Data which describes meaning and experience rather than providing numerical values for behaviour such as frequency counts (Remember Quality).
Quantitative Data -
Data which focusses on numbers and frequencies rather than on meanings or experience (Remember Quantity).
R
Reinforcement -
Any consequence of any behaviour which increases the probablity of that behaviour re-occurring in simialr circumstances.
Reliability -
If the study was replicated, how likely is it that it would produce the same results?
Reductionism -
Reudes complex behaviour into something much, much simpler.
Response Bias -
The tendency that subjects have to produce experimental responses which are socially desirable, or that they think the experimenter expects.
S
Situational Attribution -
A reason for an act or behaviour which imples it occurred as a result of the situation or circumstances that the person was in at the time.
V
Validity -
How far a given measure assess what it is intended to measure.
Surface Validity -
How far the measure seems appropriate.
Criterion Validity -
The measure being used is compared with another measure or standard that assess the same thing.
Construct Validity -
How far the measure being examined truely presents the theoretical construct which it is supposed to measure.
A
Androcentric Bias -
Where the researchers study a male only sample, and then generalise it to females.
Applications to Everyday Life -
Do the results apply to everyday life? (links to Usefulness)
C
Control of Variables -
How controlled is the study? Are there any outside factors influencing the results?
D
Demand Characteristics -
Participents pick up on situational/experimental factors and change their behaviour/answers to fit what they think the experimenter wants to see/hear
Deception -
Decieving the participents/subjects
E
Ethics -
A set of rules designed to distinguish between right and wrong
Ethnocentrism -
Being unable to conceptualise or imagine ideas, social beliefs, or the world from any viewpoint other than that of one's own particular culture or social group.
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, religion, scout troop, or football team is superior to all others.
Ecological Validity -
A way of assessing how valid a measure or test is, which is concerned with whether the measure or test is really like its counterpart in the real, everyday world.
F
Field Experiment -
A study that follows the logic of the experimental process, but is conducted in the outside world rather than the laboratory.
G
Gynocentric Bias -
Researchers use an all female sample and then generalise it to males.
Generalisabilty -
Can research be applied to the general population?
H
Holistic -
Treating its subject matter as a coherent and indivisable unit.
I
Inter-observer Reliability -
A phrase which describes the extent to which 2 independant observers agree on the observations that they have made.
Individual Differences -
The study and measurement of the significant ways indviduals differ from each other
L
Lab Experiment -
An experiment carried out in an artifical, lab environment.
Longitudinal Study -
A study which monitors changes occuring over a period of time
N
Nomothetic -
Concerned with the formation of general laws, normally of behaviour.
Nature/Nurture -
Nature - The inheritance of abilities or chracteristics
Nurture - Learning or the effect of environmental factors
Nature of Participents -
Describes who was used, the response rates etc
Q
Qualitative Data -
Data which describes meaning and experience rather than providing numerical values for behaviour such as frequency counts (Remember Quality).
Quantitative Data -
Data which focusses on numbers and frequencies rather than on meanings or experience (Remember Quantity).
R
Reinforcement -
Any consequence of any behaviour which increases the probablity of that behaviour re-occurring in simialr circumstances.
Reliability -
If the study was replicated, how likely is it that it would produce the same results?
Reductionism -
Reudes complex behaviour into something much, much simpler.
Response Bias -
The tendency that subjects have to produce experimental responses which are socially desirable, or that they think the experimenter expects.
S
Situational Attribution -
A reason for an act or behaviour which imples it occurred as a result of the situation or circumstances that the person was in at the time.
V
Validity -
How far a given measure assess what it is intended to measure.
Surface Validity -
How far the measure seems appropriate.
Criterion Validity -
The measure being used is compared with another measure or standard that assess the same thing.
Construct Validity -
How far the measure being examined truely presents the theoretical construct which it is supposed to measure.
Thursday, December 04, 2008
Section B Motivation Essay Question
If you're anything like me, you should find this helpful. I really like past papers, especially past essays. They're good practice, the help you see how you should be writing, and are a great revision sheet once you've got it top-notch. So heres one from a recent Psychology and Education paper.
Section B Essay on Motivation
January 2007
(a) Describe what psychologists have learned about motivation and educational performance [10]
This is nice and simple - remember the 3 expansion points you get for motivation? All you have to do is describe a Key Study/Theory for each of them. Simple!
So the first expansion point is:
•definitions, types and theories of motivation
So use either:
•Yerkes-Dodson (preferred),
•Bandura,
•Maslow
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Theory
•Results
Second expansion point is:
•improving motivation
So use:
•Rosenthal and Jacobson
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Aims,
•Methodlogy,
•Procedure,
•Results
Third expansion point is:
•motivation issues: attribution theory and learned helplessness
So use either:
•Dweck (preferred),
•Seligman
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Aims,
•Methodology,
•Procedure,
•Results
(b) Evaluate what psychologists have learned about motivation and educational performance [16]
Not quite as easy as the first, but still reasonable simply. Take 4 evaluation issues - any four - and compare/contrast the studies with each point i.e. each evaluation issue will have 2 studies attached to it.
For example, you could use:
Reliability
•Define
•Link to 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck (just examples, you don't have to use them, but you do have to use the 3 studies you picked above.)
Validity
•Define
•Link to 2 studies
Yerkes-Dodson & Dweck
Ethnocentric
•Define
•Link to at least 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck
Protection of Participants
•Define
•Link to at least 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck
(c) A primary school teacher has noticed that some of the children are showing signs of learned helplessness. Using your psychological knowledge suggest one stratgey to prevent children giving up too easily. Give reasons for you answer [8]
•Accentuate the positive - use student strengths, restore confidence, praise
•Eliminate the negative - don't show off weaknesses, do not push failure onto students, deal tactifully with weaknesses
•Go from familiar to new - use organizers, guided discovery, familiarise students with new concepts/skills/ideas, link lessons to own experiences/student experiences
•Create challenges - students creat problems and solve them
Section B Essay on Motivation
January 2007
(a) Describe what psychologists have learned about motivation and educational performance [10]
This is nice and simple - remember the 3 expansion points you get for motivation? All you have to do is describe a Key Study/Theory for each of them. Simple!
So the first expansion point is:
•definitions, types and theories of motivation
So use either:
•Yerkes-Dodson (preferred),
•Bandura,
•Maslow
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Theory
•Results
Second expansion point is:
•improving motivation
So use:
•Rosenthal and Jacobson
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Aims,
•Methodlogy,
•Procedure,
•Results
Third expansion point is:
•motivation issues: attribution theory and learned helplessness
So use either:
•Dweck (preferred),
•Seligman
And describe the:
•Key Terms,
•Aims,
•Methodology,
•Procedure,
•Results
(b) Evaluate what psychologists have learned about motivation and educational performance [16]
Not quite as easy as the first, but still reasonable simply. Take 4 evaluation issues - any four - and compare/contrast the studies with each point i.e. each evaluation issue will have 2 studies attached to it.
For example, you could use:
Reliability
•Define
•Link to 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck (just examples, you don't have to use them, but you do have to use the 3 studies you picked above.)
Validity
•Define
•Link to 2 studies
Yerkes-Dodson & Dweck
Ethnocentric
•Define
•Link to at least 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck
Protection of Participants
•Define
•Link to at least 2 studies
Rosenthal and Jacobson & Dweck
(c) A primary school teacher has noticed that some of the children are showing signs of learned helplessness. Using your psychological knowledge suggest one stratgey to prevent children giving up too easily. Give reasons for you answer [8]
•Accentuate the positive - use student strengths, restore confidence, praise
•Eliminate the negative - don't show off weaknesses, do not push failure onto students, deal tactifully with weaknesses
•Go from familiar to new - use organizers, guided discovery, familiarise students with new concepts/skills/ideas, link lessons to own experiences/student experiences
•Create challenges - students creat problems and solve them
Glossary - Part A, B & C
Need the meaning of a particular word or phrase, yet can't seem to find it anywhere? Well, we have your very own glossary right here! Of course, a glossary is much to long to post all at once, so here is your As, Bs and Cs of Psychology for Crime words. You can download the entire glossary file from here.
A
Adversarial System - A trail procedure in which prosecution and defence teams compete to establish the truth of their version of events.
Age Regression - A hypnotic technique in which the witness is 'taken back' to the age at which they witnessed a crime in order to 'relive it'.
Amygdala - A brain structure, part of the limbic system, which is involved in empathic responses to others. The functioning of the amygdala is thought to be impaired in psychopaths.
Anger Management - An attempt to reduce aggressive behaviour by helping violent offenders to deal with inappropriate feelings of anger.
Attributions - The reasons assigned by an individual to explain why something has occurred. Attributions may have little to do with the real reason why something happened.
Attribution Theory - A branch of psychology that aims to explain how people arrive at attributions.
B
Behavioural Evidence - Evidence from the disposition of clues at the crime scene that indicates how the crime was committed.
British Crime Survey (BCS) - A victimisation survey carried out periodically by the Home Office in an attempt to discover the true incidence of crim ein the UK
C
Cognitive-behavioural Therapy - A form of psychological therapy that aims to alter maladaptive thinking strategies through behavioural techniques
Cognitive Interview - An interview procedure based on the principles of cue-dependent forgetting. It is claimed to enhance recall and produce fewer erros than the standard interview procedure
Commuter - An offender who travels some distance to offend
Conspecifics - Members of the same species
Copycat Crime - A crime which is purportedly carried out in the style of another crime, real or fictional
Crime Rate - The incidence of crime for a given geographical area, usually expressed as the number of crimes per head of population per year
Crime Scene Analysis - The offender profiling approach developed in the Us by the FBI. Offenders are assigned to categories based on their behaviour at a crime scene
Criminal Consistency Hypothesis - The view that the behaviour of an offender during the committing of a crime will reflect their behaviour in everyday life
Criminological Psychology - The application of psychological research to criminal behaviour
Criminology - The study of criminal behaviour. It encompasses a variety of disciplines including psychology, sociology and law
Helpful book: 'Psychology and Crime' - David Putwain and Aidan Sammons
ISBN: 0-415-25300-4
A
Adversarial System - A trail procedure in which prosecution and defence teams compete to establish the truth of their version of events.
Age Regression - A hypnotic technique in which the witness is 'taken back' to the age at which they witnessed a crime in order to 'relive it'.
Amygdala - A brain structure, part of the limbic system, which is involved in empathic responses to others. The functioning of the amygdala is thought to be impaired in psychopaths.
Anger Management - An attempt to reduce aggressive behaviour by helping violent offenders to deal with inappropriate feelings of anger.
Attributions - The reasons assigned by an individual to explain why something has occurred. Attributions may have little to do with the real reason why something happened.
Attribution Theory - A branch of psychology that aims to explain how people arrive at attributions.
B
Behavioural Evidence - Evidence from the disposition of clues at the crime scene that indicates how the crime was committed.
British Crime Survey (BCS) - A victimisation survey carried out periodically by the Home Office in an attempt to discover the true incidence of crim ein the UK
C
Cognitive-behavioural Therapy - A form of psychological therapy that aims to alter maladaptive thinking strategies through behavioural techniques
Cognitive Interview - An interview procedure based on the principles of cue-dependent forgetting. It is claimed to enhance recall and produce fewer erros than the standard interview procedure
Commuter - An offender who travels some distance to offend
Conspecifics - Members of the same species
Copycat Crime - A crime which is purportedly carried out in the style of another crime, real or fictional
Crime Rate - The incidence of crime for a given geographical area, usually expressed as the number of crimes per head of population per year
Crime Scene Analysis - The offender profiling approach developed in the Us by the FBI. Offenders are assigned to categories based on their behaviour at a crime scene
Criminal Consistency Hypothesis - The view that the behaviour of an offender during the committing of a crime will reflect their behaviour in everyday life
Criminological Psychology - The application of psychological research to criminal behaviour
Criminology - The study of criminal behaviour. It encompasses a variety of disciplines including psychology, sociology and law
Helpful book: 'Psychology and Crime' - David Putwain and Aidan Sammons
ISBN: 0-415-25300-4
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