Fallicies - Part A

A fallacy is a mistake, and in terms of Critical Thinking (or other argumentative subjects) a logical fallacy is a mistake in reasoning. There are many different types of fallacies, and we come across and use them all the time. As there are so many fallacies, I've decided to post them in stages. So today - Part A! Also included at the bottom of the list are useful links.

A
Ad Hominem Attack - Where a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim of the argument./Claiming that supposed inadequacies of a person are good grounds for rejecting their point of view.
Example
A: I believe abortion is morally wrong
B: You're a Christian, you have to think that!
(Just because A is a Christian, does not mean her argument should be discredited.)

Dr M opposed the 24 hour opening for pubs because it would encourage drunkenness, but he is a binge drinker, which discredits his argument.
(Just because Dr M is a binge drinker, this does not discredit his argument - it may discredit him, but not his argument.)

Ad Hominem Tu Quoque - When it is concluded that a person's claim is false because of prior things said or done by that person.
Example
A: I think that, based on the arguments I have presented, it is morally wrong to use animals for clothing.
B: But you are wearing a leather jacket - how can you say that it is wrong to use animals for clothing?
(Yes, while A is being hypocritical, they may not be any less right about using animals for clothing - think about whether or not you believe in testing on animals, and try to think of an argument against it. If you don't, then take a look at the medical drugs you have taken in your life, or the make-up you wear. Most, if not all, drugs are tested on animals, and a vast majority of make-up is too. Think your argument should be discredited?)

Affirming the Consequent - Thinking that because of one event, that the second even is caused.
Example
If it is raining, the streets will be wet.
The streets are wet.
Therefore it is raining
(There may be various reasons why the streets are wet. And while yes, 99.9 times out of 100 if it's raining, the streets will be wet. But what if someone was washing their car? Streets would be wet then. Is it raining?)

Appeal to Ignorance - An argument for or against a proposition on the basis of a lack of evidence against or for it.
Example
There is no evidence that Mrs Smith crashed her car on purpose. Therefore, it was an accident.

Appeal to the Mob - Someone claims a statement should be believed because many people accept the truth of it.
Example
Most motorists claim they would rather have cars than cheap buses. Therefore the government should start to limit the amount of buses on our roads.
(Just because an argument has 'most motorists' in it, doesn't mean that there are only 1 or 2 people using buses.)

All women use Hairclean shampoo everyday!
(This is probably not going to be true. But it makes you think that perhaps Hairclean is the best shampoo around, and therefore want to buy it - clever advertising!)

Useful links:-

http://www.fallacyfiles.org/ - This is a complete website, full of in-depth information and working examples.

http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/index.html#index - A simpler site, with less information than the one above, but it has easy to read definitions and examples.